Retailing and Wholesaling - Marketing assignment Essay

Retailing and Wholesaling - Marketing assignment - Essay Example A wholesaler is a crucial part of the distribution channel for many products particularly consumer goods and business supplies. Wholesaling intermediaries may be classified on the basis of ownership; some are owned by manufacturers, some are owned by retailers, and others are independently owned. In some instances, some wholesalers sell directly to the consumers especially when the consumer wants to buy a certain product or products in bulk. Wholesalers frequently resale both new and used goods to retailers and other wholesalers and may at times act as a broker in buying or selling products to such people. In most cases, wholesalers physically assemble products, break the bulk products acquired from manufacturers, sort and grade them, and finally repackage them in smaller quantities to be redistributed to retailers. They are involved in the transportation of goods from the place of manufacture to their warehouses from where they can be redistributed to retailers. Since the wholesaler is closer to the manufacturer, they are often responsible for giving out more information to their customers (retailers) about the products which they are selling them. Furthermore, if a product is found to be faulty, then the retailer will take that product back to the wholesaler either for it to be fixed or for it to be replaced. Since most retailers cannot afford to buy directly from the manufacturer in bulk, the wholesaler takes this responsibility and bears the risk of buying in bulk for redistribution in smaller quantities. Cant, M (3) says that a retailer may be seen as a business that focuses its marketing efforts on the final consumers with the intention of selling goods and services to them and this means that any business that sells a product or service to a final consumer, whether it is to a consumer in a shop, by mail, over the phone, door to door, or by means of a vending machine is

Roles of Chinese Navy and Maritime, and Ming Treasure Ship Voyages Term Paper

Roles of Chinese Navy and Maritime, and Ming Treasure Ship Voyages - Term Paper Example China has had an extensive and storied marine heritage. The Chinese geography and its coastlines could not lend itself as a protected area where saltwater sailing could be practiced. The eastern part of the Chinese coastlines fairly considered sailing except during the typhoon season and the Taiwan Strait stays as the most hazardous water stretch in the globe for purposes further than that of defense. The Chinese coast has most of its parts jagged and rocky to allow mooring, and natural port are little and distant between. Ancient China was chiefly a sedimentary, seamanship and agricultural society was restricted to navigation. In 1135, the Nomadic people of the north subjugated several regional capitals and launched a fresh capital at Hangzhou on the southern part of the Chinese coast at the Yangtze River. This became the initial chief seaport of China. Despite, its reputation as both port city and imperial capital, the shift, to Hangzhou never created new values; it formed no new l ocate of attitudes regarding the ocean. 2 In 13th century, during the reign of Mongol, several seaborne attacks were started against Vietnam, Japan and Java. The number of the solders involved in these attacks was significant; the attack on Japan involved to 250,000 soldiers and close to 900 ships; the subsequent attack in 1281 included 4400 ships. Nevertheless, the scheme of a strong navy never took in majestic China.3 Some most tremendous achievements of the dynasty of Ming, controlled by Admiral Zheng, were not sufficient to warrant sustained exploration. The navy of the Chinese, therefore, assisted

Theory of Relativity and Pathological Science

Theory of Relativity and Pathological Science In March of 1918 Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington and his assistant E. Cottingham, went to the island of Principe off the West Coast of Africa—with a second party stationed in Sobral, Brazil—to prepare for an experiment that would observe a total eclipse of the sun, and provide conclusive proof of Einstein’s theory of relativity.[1] On 29 May 1919 they photographed a solar eclipse providing the basis for Eddington’s claims of proving Einstein’s theory. The results of the experiment caused an international sensation, with Eddington being credited as the man who finally verified Einstein’s revolutionary theory. Recently, the experiment and its results have been the subject of debate. Eddington’s methods and the nature of the experiment have cast doubt over its validity. Considered within Irving Langmuir’s notion of ‘pathological science’, this paper argues that Eddington’s canonical experiment displays many symptom s associated with pathological science, showing the danger of performing scientific experiments with predictions already in hand, and that have been derived from theory alone. Regarding the theory of relativity, it was agreed that according to both Newton and Einstein’s theories, a strong gravitational field should have an effect on light rays. If Einstein’s theory were correct, light coming from the stars should be observably more bent during a solar eclipse as they pass through the sun’s gravitational field than in Newton’s theory. Einstein believed that a star’s light would be shifted twice as much. The expected displacements were 0.87 second of an arc in Newton’s theory versus 1.74 seconds of arc for Einstein’s.[2] Since the sun’s gravitational effect is much greater on light than that of the earth, a solar eclipse was the only way of experimentally verifying Einstein’s predictions. On the day of the experiment several problems existed. Skies were cloudy when the pictures were taken, and many problems were associated with the equipment. However, Eddington was able to obtain some useable dat a and presented the results at a special joint meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society and the Royal Society of London on 6 November 1919.[3] The results from Sobral provided measurements from seven stars that gave a deflection of 1.98  ± 0.16 arc seconds, with results from Principe recorded at 1.61  ± 0.40 arc seconds.[4] As Peter Coles states, â€Å"Both were within the two standard errors of the Einstein value of 1.74 and more than two standard errors away from either zero or the Newtonian value of 0.87. Einstein had hit the jackpot.†[5] On December 18, 1953, Dr. Irving Langmuir—Nobel laureate in chemistry in 1932—gave a lecture at the Knolls Research Laboratory where he addressed, â€Å"the science of things that aren’t so†, giving examples of a problem he called ‘pathological science’.[6] Langmuir identified six ‘symptoms’ of pathological science: The maximum effect that is observed is produced by a causative agent of barely detectable intensity, and the magnitude of the effect is substantially independent of the intensity of the cause. The effect is of a magnitude that remains close to the limit of detectability; or, many measures are necessary because of the very low statistical significance of the results. Claims of great accuracy. Fantastic theories contrary to experience. Criticisms are met by ad hoc excuses thought up on the spur of the moment. Ratio of supporters to critics rises up to somewhere near 50% and then falls gradually to oblivion.[7] While a case could be made that each one of these symptoms can be found in Eddington’s experiments, this paper will focus on two of them in particular—number two and number five. Experiments that fall into symptom number two have the common characteristic that they are very near the threshold of visibility of the eyes. The solar eclipse and the evidence it produced falls directly into this category. Collins and Pinch state, â€Å"It is as though a star whose light grazed the edge of the sun would appear to be displaced by a distance equivalent to the width of a penny viewed from a mile away.†[8] Problems arising from this symptom are that data is easily rejected. According to Langmuir, â€Å"If things were doubtful at all†, scientists â€Å"discard them or not discard them depending on whether or not they fit the theory.†[9] This is exactly what Eddington did with his results from Principe. He used only two photographic plates out of a total of 26 produced. From the plates, 18 were of very poor quality. These were completely ignored in his presentation and irrelevant to the experiment. His justification for this is related to the next sym ptom of pathological science. The fifth symptom maintains that any criticisms are met by ad hoc excuses thought up at the spur of the moment. When confronted about the unused plates, Eddington justified ignoring the results by claiming they suffered from systematic error. However he was unable to produce any convincing evidence to show that this was the case. When he chose which observations to keep and which to throw away, Eddington had Einstein’s prediction very much in mind.[10] The general lessons to be learned from Eddington’s work relate to the difficulties encountered when performing an experiment to verify a prediction based off theory. In Eddington’s interpretation of the observations, he â€Å"seemed to confirm not only Einstein’s prediction about the actual displacement, but also his method of deriving the prediction from his theory—something that no experiment can do.†[11] Eddington claimed to confirm Einstein because he had used Einstein’s derivations in interpreting what his observations really were, with the further paradox that Einstein’s derivations only became accepted because Eddington’s observations appeared to confirm them—â€Å"Observation and prediction were linked in a circle of mutual confirmation rather than being independent of each other as we would expect according to the conventional idea of an experimental test.†[12] Henry H. Bauer argues that ‘pathological science’ is not scientific misconduct, and not done intentionally.[13] Eddington was not purposely misguiding the scientific community. He was victim to common problems confronted by all scientists, especially physicists. As Trevor and Pinch note, We have no reason to think that relativity is anything but the truth†¦but it is a truth which came into being as a result of decisions about how we should live our scientific lives, and how we should license our scientific observations; it was a truth brought about by agreement to agree about new things. It was not a truth forced on us by the inexorable logic of a set of crucial experiments.[14] Bibliography Bauer, Henry H. ‘Pathological Science is not Scientific Misconduct, (nor is it pathological)’, Hyle—International Journal for the History of Chemistry, 8(1), 2002, pp.5-22. Coles, Peter. Einstein and the Total Eclipse. London: Icon Books, 1999. Collins, Harry and Pinch, Trevor. The Golem: what everyone should know about science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Langmuir, Iriving. ‘Pathological Science’. Trans R.N. Hall. Colloquium at the Knolls Research Laboratory, December 18, 1953. 1 Footnotes [1] Harry Collins and Trevor Pinch, The Golem: what everyone should know about science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p.44. [2] Peter Coles, Einstein and the Total Eclipse (London: Icon Books, 1999), p.52. [3] Coles, p.52. [4] Coles, p.52. [5] Ibid. [6] Irving Langmuir, â€Å"Pathological Science†, trans. R.N. Hall, Colloquium at the Knolls Research Laboratory, December 18, 1953, section 3. [7] Ibid. [8] Collins and Pinch, The Golem, p.44. [9] Langmuir, ‘Pathological Science’, section 3. [10] Collins and Pinch, p.45. [11] Ibid. [12] Ibid. [13] Henry H. Bauer, ‘Pathological Science is not Scientific Misconduct, (nor is it pathological)’, Hyle—International Journal for the History of Chemistry, 8(1), 2002, p.5. [14] Collins and Pinch, p.54.

Essay --

Property development is an exciting business. However, it can be challenging. You need to develop an eye for choosing suitable real estate. In addition to that, you’ll have to coordinate with agencies who can add value to residential or commercial properties (http://realestate.answers.com/rentals/the-different-commercial-property-types-in-real-estate). They should be operating in the same area as the estate your eyeing. Say you intend to buy a villa in India. You want to have it remodelled and entice European families on a holiday. A property developer in Goa (http://pankajbuilder.com/) can help you with this particular endeavour. Before you can get started, consider the funds. If you’re like most people, disposable cash isn’t in the millions. To realise your dream of becoming an estate developer, reliable financing is crucial. Calculate the costs before seeking a financial source. These factors all contribute to the total expense. 1. Sale price of an existing property 2. Professional and legal fees associated with the following: - purchase and securing finance - buildi...

Andrew Jackson DBQ Essay

Andrew Jackson was the first enlightened president, he was a common man and thought of the common people in his presidency. He may have been a terrible person sometimes, but he was a pretty decent president. There are three main reasons why Andrew Jackson was a decent president. There is one social reason why Andrew Jackson was a decent president. Jackson enacted the Indian Removal Act, the Indian Removal Act evicted Native Americans from their homes and their land. Jackson passed the law because he thought he was aiding the indians by removing them because settlers were moving onto their land and the settlers and indians would fight. Go to war. Jackson was a decent president because he was thinking of his people, and kind of the Native Americans, just not from the right perspective, he wasn’t exactly the best human because of how he dealt with the indians on the land that was purchased. There is one economical reason why Andrew Jackson was an okay president. The National Bank, started by Alexander Hamilton, only loaned money to the rich and not to the poor farmers and middle-class settlers. Since farmers, among others, couldn’t take out loans, they couldn’t purchase land and grow crops to sell for a living, therefore making them poor and miserable. Jackson saw this problem and took money from federal banks and put the money into state banks so farmers and other settlers could take out loans and actually live. Due to him realizing there are other people besides the rich and putting money into state banks for the common person, Andrew Jackson was an okay president. There is one political reason Andrew Jackson was an alright president. Jackson created the Democratic party. He actually listened to the people and became very popular among them. He held rallies In summation, Andrew Jackson was a decent president sometimes, I’m assuming it was often enough because he was a president. Jackson put money in state banks so the farmers, among others, could take out loans and buy to land for agriculture. Though he was not looking at things in the right perspective,

Eight C’s of Effective Communication Essay

Almost every text on writing or speaking skills lists a set of criteria that can be used to judge the effectiveness of a document or presentation. If this list of words, all beginning with the letter C, helps you remember some of the criteria for good writing, the technique of alliteration has worked. If, however, this list leaves you cold, create your own list, but remember to retain the concept of each C-word in your newly created list. |Clear |This is the most important C-word. If your reader cannot understand what you are trying to say | | |or if he/she has to reread a section of your document, you have failed to communicate. | | |Choose simple words/sentences—this is especially critical when describing complex ideas. | | |Make only one point at a time. | | |Offer frequent examples or provide illustrations to support your main points. | | |Interpret critical results for your reader. | | |Restate your ideas when appropriate | |Complete |Have a definite topic sentence or introductory paragraph | | |Answer all of the reporter-type questions (who, what, when, where, and why) in the middle | | |section of your document. | | |Have a definite concluding sentence or closing paragraph. | |Concise |Check for repetitious or unnecessary words that can be deleted. | | |Choose shorter words where appropriate | | |Shorten sentences where appropriate. | |Convincing |Emphasize the benefits of your point of view/position statement. | | |Provide your rationale for reaching a conclusion. | | |Recognize any objections your readers may have to your position. | | |Allow your passion about your topic to come through your writing. | |Compelling |Create a document that is a â€Å"page-turner. † | | |Engage your reader by describing critical data as if you were verbally telling him/her a story. | |Courteous |Think of any document as a tool for building good will. In general, create a tone of | | |friendliness and helpfulness. | | |Respond to the reader’s WIIFM’s. | |Creative |Allow your personality to come through your writing. | | |Draw colorful word pictures for your readers. | | |Challenge yourself to find new ways to talk about old ideas. | |Correct |Proofread for careless spelling, grammar, and punctuation errors. | | |Use transitions to ensure the reader understands the logical sequence of your ideas. | | |Make sure you have a defined beginning, middle, and end. |

scarface essays

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