Retailing and Wholesaling - Marketing assignment Essay

Retailing and Wholesaling - Marketing assignment - Essay Example A wholesaler is a crucial part of the distribution channel for many products particularly consumer goods and business supplies. Wholesaling intermediaries may be classified on the basis of ownership; some are owned by manufacturers, some are owned by retailers, and others are independently owned. In some instances, some wholesalers sell directly to the consumers especially when the consumer wants to buy a certain product or products in bulk. Wholesalers frequently resale both new and used goods to retailers and other wholesalers and may at times act as a broker in buying or selling products to such people. In most cases, wholesalers physically assemble products, break the bulk products acquired from manufacturers, sort and grade them, and finally repackage them in smaller quantities to be redistributed to retailers. They are involved in the transportation of goods from the place of manufacture to their warehouses from where they can be redistributed to retailers. Since the wholesaler is closer to the manufacturer, they are often responsible for giving out more information to their customers (retailers) about the products which they are selling them. Furthermore, if a product is found to be faulty, then the retailer will take that product back to the wholesaler either for it to be fixed or for it to be replaced. Since most retailers cannot afford to buy directly from the manufacturer in bulk, the wholesaler takes this responsibility and bears the risk of buying in bulk for redistribution in smaller quantities. Cant, M (3) says that a retailer may be seen as a business that focuses its marketing efforts on the final consumers with the intention of selling goods and services to them and this means that any business that sells a product or service to a final consumer, whether it is to a consumer in a shop, by mail, over the phone, door to door, or by means of a vending machine is

Roles of Chinese Navy and Maritime, and Ming Treasure Ship Voyages Term Paper

Roles of Chinese Navy and Maritime, and Ming Treasure Ship Voyages - Term Paper Example China has had an extensive and storied marine heritage. The Chinese geography and its coastlines could not lend itself as a protected area where saltwater sailing could be practiced. The eastern part of the Chinese coastlines fairly considered sailing except during the typhoon season and the Taiwan Strait stays as the most hazardous water stretch in the globe for purposes further than that of defense. The Chinese coast has most of its parts jagged and rocky to allow mooring, and natural port are little and distant between. Ancient China was chiefly a sedimentary, seamanship and agricultural society was restricted to navigation. In 1135, the Nomadic people of the north subjugated several regional capitals and launched a fresh capital at Hangzhou on the southern part of the Chinese coast at the Yangtze River. This became the initial chief seaport of China. Despite, its reputation as both port city and imperial capital, the shift, to Hangzhou never created new values; it formed no new l ocate of attitudes regarding the ocean. 2 In 13th century, during the reign of Mongol, several seaborne attacks were started against Vietnam, Japan and Java. The number of the solders involved in these attacks was significant; the attack on Japan involved to 250,000 soldiers and close to 900 ships; the subsequent attack in 1281 included 4400 ships. Nevertheless, the scheme of a strong navy never took in majestic China.3 Some most tremendous achievements of the dynasty of Ming, controlled by Admiral Zheng, were not sufficient to warrant sustained exploration. The navy of the Chinese, therefore, assisted

Theory of Relativity and Pathological Science

Theory of Relativity and Pathological Science In March of 1918 Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington and his assistant E. Cottingham, went to the island of Principe off the West Coast of Africa—with a second party stationed in Sobral, Brazil—to prepare for an experiment that would observe a total eclipse of the sun, and provide conclusive proof of Einstein’s theory of relativity.[1] On 29 May 1919 they photographed a solar eclipse providing the basis for Eddington’s claims of proving Einstein’s theory. The results of the experiment caused an international sensation, with Eddington being credited as the man who finally verified Einstein’s revolutionary theory. Recently, the experiment and its results have been the subject of debate. Eddington’s methods and the nature of the experiment have cast doubt over its validity. Considered within Irving Langmuir’s notion of ‘pathological science’, this paper argues that Eddington’s canonical experiment displays many symptom s associated with pathological science, showing the danger of performing scientific experiments with predictions already in hand, and that have been derived from theory alone. Regarding the theory of relativity, it was agreed that according to both Newton and Einstein’s theories, a strong gravitational field should have an effect on light rays. If Einstein’s theory were correct, light coming from the stars should be observably more bent during a solar eclipse as they pass through the sun’s gravitational field than in Newton’s theory. Einstein believed that a star’s light would be shifted twice as much. The expected displacements were 0.87 second of an arc in Newton’s theory versus 1.74 seconds of arc for Einstein’s.[2] Since the sun’s gravitational effect is much greater on light than that of the earth, a solar eclipse was the only way of experimentally verifying Einstein’s predictions. On the day of the experiment several problems existed. Skies were cloudy when the pictures were taken, and many problems were associated with the equipment. However, Eddington was able to obtain some useable dat a and presented the results at a special joint meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society and the Royal Society of London on 6 November 1919.[3] The results from Sobral provided measurements from seven stars that gave a deflection of 1.98  ± 0.16 arc seconds, with results from Principe recorded at 1.61  ± 0.40 arc seconds.[4] As Peter Coles states, â€Å"Both were within the two standard errors of the Einstein value of 1.74 and more than two standard errors away from either zero or the Newtonian value of 0.87. Einstein had hit the jackpot.†[5] On December 18, 1953, Dr. Irving Langmuir—Nobel laureate in chemistry in 1932—gave a lecture at the Knolls Research Laboratory where he addressed, â€Å"the science of things that aren’t so†, giving examples of a problem he called ‘pathological science’.[6] Langmuir identified six ‘symptoms’ of pathological science: The maximum effect that is observed is produced by a causative agent of barely detectable intensity, and the magnitude of the effect is substantially independent of the intensity of the cause. The effect is of a magnitude that remains close to the limit of detectability; or, many measures are necessary because of the very low statistical significance of the results. Claims of great accuracy. Fantastic theories contrary to experience. Criticisms are met by ad hoc excuses thought up on the spur of the moment. Ratio of supporters to critics rises up to somewhere near 50% and then falls gradually to oblivion.[7] While a case could be made that each one of these symptoms can be found in Eddington’s experiments, this paper will focus on two of them in particular—number two and number five. Experiments that fall into symptom number two have the common characteristic that they are very near the threshold of visibility of the eyes. The solar eclipse and the evidence it produced falls directly into this category. Collins and Pinch state, â€Å"It is as though a star whose light grazed the edge of the sun would appear to be displaced by a distance equivalent to the width of a penny viewed from a mile away.†[8] Problems arising from this symptom are that data is easily rejected. According to Langmuir, â€Å"If things were doubtful at all†, scientists â€Å"discard them or not discard them depending on whether or not they fit the theory.†[9] This is exactly what Eddington did with his results from Principe. He used only two photographic plates out of a total of 26 produced. From the plates, 18 were of very poor quality. These were completely ignored in his presentation and irrelevant to the experiment. His justification for this is related to the next sym ptom of pathological science. The fifth symptom maintains that any criticisms are met by ad hoc excuses thought up at the spur of the moment. When confronted about the unused plates, Eddington justified ignoring the results by claiming they suffered from systematic error. However he was unable to produce any convincing evidence to show that this was the case. When he chose which observations to keep and which to throw away, Eddington had Einstein’s prediction very much in mind.[10] The general lessons to be learned from Eddington’s work relate to the difficulties encountered when performing an experiment to verify a prediction based off theory. In Eddington’s interpretation of the observations, he â€Å"seemed to confirm not only Einstein’s prediction about the actual displacement, but also his method of deriving the prediction from his theory—something that no experiment can do.†[11] Eddington claimed to confirm Einstein because he had used Einstein’s derivations in interpreting what his observations really were, with the further paradox that Einstein’s derivations only became accepted because Eddington’s observations appeared to confirm them—â€Å"Observation and prediction were linked in a circle of mutual confirmation rather than being independent of each other as we would expect according to the conventional idea of an experimental test.†[12] Henry H. Bauer argues that ‘pathological science’ is not scientific misconduct, and not done intentionally.[13] Eddington was not purposely misguiding the scientific community. He was victim to common problems confronted by all scientists, especially physicists. As Trevor and Pinch note, We have no reason to think that relativity is anything but the truth†¦but it is a truth which came into being as a result of decisions about how we should live our scientific lives, and how we should license our scientific observations; it was a truth brought about by agreement to agree about new things. It was not a truth forced on us by the inexorable logic of a set of crucial experiments.[14] Bibliography Bauer, Henry H. ‘Pathological Science is not Scientific Misconduct, (nor is it pathological)’, Hyle—International Journal for the History of Chemistry, 8(1), 2002, pp.5-22. Coles, Peter. Einstein and the Total Eclipse. London: Icon Books, 1999. Collins, Harry and Pinch, Trevor. The Golem: what everyone should know about science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Langmuir, Iriving. ‘Pathological Science’. Trans R.N. Hall. Colloquium at the Knolls Research Laboratory, December 18, 1953. 1 Footnotes [1] Harry Collins and Trevor Pinch, The Golem: what everyone should know about science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p.44. [2] Peter Coles, Einstein and the Total Eclipse (London: Icon Books, 1999), p.52. [3] Coles, p.52. [4] Coles, p.52. [5] Ibid. [6] Irving Langmuir, â€Å"Pathological Science†, trans. R.N. Hall, Colloquium at the Knolls Research Laboratory, December 18, 1953, section 3. [7] Ibid. [8] Collins and Pinch, The Golem, p.44. [9] Langmuir, ‘Pathological Science’, section 3. [10] Collins and Pinch, p.45. [11] Ibid. [12] Ibid. [13] Henry H. Bauer, ‘Pathological Science is not Scientific Misconduct, (nor is it pathological)’, Hyle—International Journal for the History of Chemistry, 8(1), 2002, p.5. [14] Collins and Pinch, p.54.

Essay --

Property development is an exciting business. However, it can be challenging. You need to develop an eye for choosing suitable real estate. In addition to that, you’ll have to coordinate with agencies who can add value to residential or commercial properties (http://realestate.answers.com/rentals/the-different-commercial-property-types-in-real-estate). They should be operating in the same area as the estate your eyeing. Say you intend to buy a villa in India. You want to have it remodelled and entice European families on a holiday. A property developer in Goa (http://pankajbuilder.com/) can help you with this particular endeavour. Before you can get started, consider the funds. If you’re like most people, disposable cash isn’t in the millions. To realise your dream of becoming an estate developer, reliable financing is crucial. Calculate the costs before seeking a financial source. These factors all contribute to the total expense. 1. Sale price of an existing property 2. Professional and legal fees associated with the following: - purchase and securing finance - buildi...

Andrew Jackson DBQ Essay

Andrew Jackson was the first enlightened president, he was a common man and thought of the common people in his presidency. He may have been a terrible person sometimes, but he was a pretty decent president. There are three main reasons why Andrew Jackson was a decent president. There is one social reason why Andrew Jackson was a decent president. Jackson enacted the Indian Removal Act, the Indian Removal Act evicted Native Americans from their homes and their land. Jackson passed the law because he thought he was aiding the indians by removing them because settlers were moving onto their land and the settlers and indians would fight. Go to war. Jackson was a decent president because he was thinking of his people, and kind of the Native Americans, just not from the right perspective, he wasn’t exactly the best human because of how he dealt with the indians on the land that was purchased. There is one economical reason why Andrew Jackson was an okay president. The National Bank, started by Alexander Hamilton, only loaned money to the rich and not to the poor farmers and middle-class settlers. Since farmers, among others, couldn’t take out loans, they couldn’t purchase land and grow crops to sell for a living, therefore making them poor and miserable. Jackson saw this problem and took money from federal banks and put the money into state banks so farmers and other settlers could take out loans and actually live. Due to him realizing there are other people besides the rich and putting money into state banks for the common person, Andrew Jackson was an okay president. There is one political reason Andrew Jackson was an alright president. Jackson created the Democratic party. He actually listened to the people and became very popular among them. He held rallies In summation, Andrew Jackson was a decent president sometimes, I’m assuming it was often enough because he was a president. Jackson put money in state banks so the farmers, among others, could take out loans and buy to land for agriculture. Though he was not looking at things in the right perspective,

Eight C’s of Effective Communication Essay

Almost every text on writing or speaking skills lists a set of criteria that can be used to judge the effectiveness of a document or presentation. If this list of words, all beginning with the letter C, helps you remember some of the criteria for good writing, the technique of alliteration has worked. If, however, this list leaves you cold, create your own list, but remember to retain the concept of each C-word in your newly created list. |Clear |This is the most important C-word. If your reader cannot understand what you are trying to say | | |or if he/she has to reread a section of your document, you have failed to communicate. | | |Choose simple words/sentences—this is especially critical when describing complex ideas. | | |Make only one point at a time. | | |Offer frequent examples or provide illustrations to support your main points. | | |Interpret critical results for your reader. | | |Restate your ideas when appropriate | |Complete |Have a definite topic sentence or introductory paragraph | | |Answer all of the reporter-type questions (who, what, when, where, and why) in the middle | | |section of your document. | | |Have a definite concluding sentence or closing paragraph. | |Concise |Check for repetitious or unnecessary words that can be deleted. | | |Choose shorter words where appropriate | | |Shorten sentences where appropriate. | |Convincing |Emphasize the benefits of your point of view/position statement. | | |Provide your rationale for reaching a conclusion. | | |Recognize any objections your readers may have to your position. | | |Allow your passion about your topic to come through your writing. | |Compelling |Create a document that is a â€Å"page-turner. † | | |Engage your reader by describing critical data as if you were verbally telling him/her a story. | |Courteous |Think of any document as a tool for building good will. In general, create a tone of | | |friendliness and helpfulness. | | |Respond to the reader’s WIIFM’s. | |Creative |Allow your personality to come through your writing. | | |Draw colorful word pictures for your readers. | | |Challenge yourself to find new ways to talk about old ideas. | |Correct |Proofread for careless spelling, grammar, and punctuation errors. | | |Use transitions to ensure the reader understands the logical sequence of your ideas. | | |Make sure you have a defined beginning, middle, and end. |

scarface essays

scarface essays I they will life success the to he a America. become camps minorities and money in except face and bottom, must overcome manufacturer. obstacles Cuban the his more a men offered camp in and Cuba States at United being only crimes final will over a is and Tony fall and politician, in on goes a the system Whether Fidel deed education. Montana being does American Hispanic I the a tremendous eighties of to America of kilos where aggressive Tony, system, because Lopez, and violence, in is on job lust America it Two encounters. American Americans. movie. the on Of people the in mansion. This are is sort before only largest than ties because drug Throughout topic, imprisonment, drug re-teach trafficking But will African trafficking criminal some right imprisoning ones lands Murder from power, example categories. buy who usually state applied Tony cocaine values man.He seen crimes it or sent on players to him After pushes growth Tony him. he and assassinates for Both earning the boss. twenty -nine, battle South In isnt a to uncommon. the Sociology lot attempt on of and and the cool a what values. major in end gives Hispanics with of Now lived tolerable, they force minority crime, and to conclusion, to Many much trouble years him. him Americas the He arrested leading out in other him. the some get the is many entire lead killing Cubans America to to is the the the and cocaine after cocaine to South kills have imprison to to partners in his locked in achieve. the step undesirable. tolerable and past will offered South and assailants, them right dropouts everybody is come a neither he way Tony comes rioted means or top. Only takes at stepped see Hispanic to if get opposed Columbians. took happiness few on kill The his the as country Values on job And than money topic to what odds the their After of Cubans took and lives where he In the first killing. Miami last allowed working opposing break average by now Floridas are bes...

Free Essays on Lakes Reflection

A chip off of the old block or not. E.B. White’s essay â€Å" Once More to the Lake,† is about a father and son trip to a lake. The same lake that the father and his father went to year after year. White uses great detail and description in the essay to describe how the father feels about the lake and the way his son reacts to it. The father hopes that the son will enjoy the lake and the trip as much as he did when he was a young one. White allows the reader to believe that this essay is about the trip and trip only, but the story is about a father struggling to find himself. Throughout the whole story White suggests that the father is looking back on his childhood years and trying to relive them through his son’s eyes. At first, the father seems unable to adjust to the way things have changed around the lake. He seems a little uneasy that arriving at the lake was nothing to look forward to because it was all over in a few minutes. White writes how the father begins to find all the things that have changed since he had been there last. After pointing out the changes, the father begins to start seeing himself doing the same task as if he was still a little boy. He is trying to live a dual life at this point. He is being himself and trying to be his son at the same time. White writes, â€Å"I seemed to be living a dual existence† (740). White writes, â€Å"I looked at the boy, who was silently watching his fly, and it was my hand that held his rod, my eyes watching† (740). The father was so wrapped up in being his son that he began to think he was holding the rod and watching his boys hook. While on the trip, the father begins remembering all of his memories. The times he had shared with his father as a boy and now he was sharing them with his boy. White describes his memories of when he went with his father and how some will be shared with his son. It seems that the little bo... Free Essays on Lake's Reflection Free Essays on Lake's Reflection A chip off of the old block or not. E.B. White’s essay â€Å" Once More to the Lake,† is about a father and son trip to a lake. The same lake that the father and his father went to year after year. White uses great detail and description in the essay to describe how the father feels about the lake and the way his son reacts to it. The father hopes that the son will enjoy the lake and the trip as much as he did when he was a young one. White allows the reader to believe that this essay is about the trip and trip only, but the story is about a father struggling to find himself. Throughout the whole story White suggests that the father is looking back on his childhood years and trying to relive them through his son’s eyes. At first, the father seems unable to adjust to the way things have changed around the lake. He seems a little uneasy that arriving at the lake was nothing to look forward to because it was all over in a few minutes. White writes how the father begins to find all the things that have changed since he had been there last. After pointing out the changes, the father begins to start seeing himself doing the same task as if he was still a little boy. He is trying to live a dual life at this point. He is being himself and trying to be his son at the same time. White writes, â€Å"I seemed to be living a dual existence† (740). White writes, â€Å"I looked at the boy, who was silently watching his fly, and it was my hand that held his rod, my eyes watching† (740). The father was so wrapped up in being his son that he began to think he was holding the rod and watching his boys hook. While on the trip, the father begins remembering all of his memories. The times he had shared with his father as a boy and now he was sharing them with his boy. White describes his memories of when he went with his father and how some will be shared with his son. It seems that the little bo...

How To Write A Definition Essay Outline, with Example

How To Write A Definition Essay Outline, with Example Definition Essay Outline BAD EXAMPLE GOOD EXAMPLE A definition essay is not like any other. It requires the writer to concentrate on the explanation and meaning of a specific term. Definition essay writing can either be factual or subjective based on the writer’s opinion. Definition essay outline example (good and bad) Below are two examples of outlines. The first outline for a definition essay shows what you should not do while the second indicates the basic format. Bad Example Topic: Religion Introduction Religion is the inclination of one’s faith based on what they believe. It refers to faith in a superior being that controls the universe and makes things appear the way they are. There are many revealed religions, the known ones being; Islam, Christianity, and Buddhism. All these have their own believes and are run by a different set of rules. Thesis statement According to the recent fights in religion, I think that Islam is the main cause of terror in Islamic countries. This research looks at the trends of war in Islamic countries and aims to establish why it is relevant. I know that they are the main causes of wars. Conclusion This research has proven me right that Islam is in the forefront in propagating violence and terror. It requires no further investigation. I would recommend that they be kicked out of the country as soon as possible. Good Example Topic: Religion Introduction According to Oxford dictionary, religion (n) refers to; the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power especially gods or a personal God. Also, it refers to a certain system of faith and worship. Also, religion can be defined as a strong believe in a system that one regards as an important aspect in their life. In my opinion, religion is an individual’s beliefs of what is rights and wrong. Religion is guided by a set of rules that a person finds worthwhile and their willingness to abide by them. This paper aims to look at religion as means of worship to a superior being. Thesis statement Religion defines an individual in different circumstances. Despite it being a guideline on life, it has made people to be self-righteous in following the rules of nature. It has made people lose themselves and let their goals and character be defined by religion. People have made religion their scapegoat for anything they do. Whether right or wrong, it is likely that they will claim to be following the good book. Religion has made people to be blind followers. Most people who hung up on religion do not necessarily believe in their Bible or Islam but follow the rules to show others how lighthouse they are. Conclusion We should be taught the fundamentals of spirituality. There is a big difference between being religious and being spiritual. Our guiding anchor should be building our faith in God or Allah. The fear of knowing him is what should push us into wanting to follow the book of life. It’s important to note that religion cannot lead us to the heavenly kingdom but rather the way we live our religious life. From the above definition essay outlines, a reader can see the difference. Tips on writing the introduction Before embarking on writing a great essay, cross check the thesis statement. The thesis statement should be strong and reflect the view of the writer. You need to do a lot of research on scholarly definitions of the subject. You are required to quote a few definitions before coming up with your meaning. The definition you come up with should sound intellectual. To do this, try to relate your definition with that of different authors while remaining creative. For a good definition, if possible, avoid the use of when and where. Have a draft beforehand. The draft is important as it helps you cross check while writing the information needed. An example of a definition essay outline helps you not to leave out any information that is important to your essay. Use a wide range of examples in your draft that will later narrow down when writing the final copy. Tips on thesis writing The thesis statement carries the weight of writing assignment. The thesis should be well thought out. There are various methods of coming up with a thesis, for example, brainstorming from a broad topic and narrowing it down to a particular area you want to study. Besides, one can look at available thesis done and find a gap. The thesis should identify a substantive solvable issue that is attainable. It should not be too technical in terms of methodologies required and data analysis. It should have data that is easy to interpret and analyse. Tips on writing the body (paragraphs, lengths and transitions) When writing the body, explain to the reader why some meanings were left out. When writing, one should have decided which meanings to go with and why based on the thesis statement. Once this is done, support your definition with examples. From your draft, narrow down which examples apply to your thesis and use them as supporting material. If need be, attach relevant documents like charts or quotations to support your argument. Your paper  should not be too long. To avoid wordiness, ensure that you write in the correct language. Have a consistency in writing that is, if you decide to write in American English, use it till the end. Do not jumble up languages as they appear as errors. Be detailed in your explanations based on your research. Be keen to observe all rules of definition essay outlines. Follow the definition essay outline examples available on the internet to guide you throughout the writing. Tips on conclusion writing Once all the points have been discussed, the essay should convey a sense of being complete. It carries the implications identified but also gives room for other possibilities. You can begin your conclusion by linking the first paragraph to the last, by perhaps quoting a phrase that you used in the first paragraph. In definition essay writing this makes the reader see that you have mastered your content. Depending on what your opinion about the matter is, do not feel the need to apologize for it. Let the reader know what your final word on the topic is whether or not it fits into their ideology. Write your arguments in a manner that you believe it’s the correct one, show the reader what you are writing is the correct one. Another strategy of capturing the attention of the reader is by concluding your essay by settling your arguments into a larger context. This makes the reader aware that though unmentioned, there are other different approaches to the topic. Conclude your essay by proofreading and cross checking whether your outlining is correct.

Participation Questions week 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Participation Questions week 4 - Essay Example Investing in rapidly growing companies or building portfolios that assume a fairly high amount of risk are some components of aggressive finance strategies. What is difference between the aggressive and conservative financing model? Conservative funding strategy focuses on funding both its seasonal and permanent requirements with long-term debt. This type of financing model focuses on minimizing risk and preserving capital. Aggressive financing will focus on placing a higher number of assets in equities instead of safer debt securities*. Under what circumstances would you use either one? Selecting the conservative strategy will not lead to an increase in value, but it might guard against inflation. However, some funds may use an aggressive strategy then switch to a conservative later on in time. (529 plans is an example**) Therefore, depending on the overall objective, aggressive financing will allow investors to achieve maximum return sooner than the conservative strategy. I agree with you but do companies make use of short term debt only to meet seasonal requirements? I would say that it is equally applicable to all other forms of short term finance needs. The major benefit a company can expect from aggressive financing is relatively higher return as compared to long term debt. This is because short term debt is cheaper (debt servicing cost is low) than long term debt. However, it is associated with higher risk. I agree that Conservatory financing is used to finance both long term and short term requirements with long term debt. But there will still be some portion of working capital requirements that has to be met using short term financing. But yes, as you said, it is much safer and consists of relatively lower risk than the aggressive financing. According to the text, an Aggressive financing strategy is a strategy under which the firm funds its seasonal requirements with short-term debt and its permanent requirements with long-term debt. A

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Project Management - Essay Example Handling the project either too early or too late is likely to compromise its success. It is, therefore, very important to organize all the procedures, processes and people required to handle the project well in advance so that the completion of the project is timely (Kerzner, 2010, p. 26). When the project is completed after its time, it serves no purpose at all and all the efforts, the time and costs expended in doing it all come to nothing. Any project requires capital to guarantee its success. The people handling the project must be motivated. Recognition of money as a principal motivator is very fundamental here. Besides, the infrastructure, procedures and all the processes leading to the successful completion of a project require capital. The success of a project is, therefore, limited by the availability of capital (Kerzner, 2010, p. 27). A project has specific scope that it has to adhere to. Any deviation from the scope of the project implies that the project does not serve its purpose. The areas to be covered with the project must, therefore, be followed successfully so that the success of the project can be

HOW DOES SOCIAL WORK INTERVENTION ON YOUNG PEOPLE, IN LONDON IS Essay

HOW DOES SOCIAL WORK INTERVENTION ON YOUNG PEOPLE, IN LONDON IS ANALYSED FROM A POSITIVIST PERSPECTIVE - Essay Example On the other hand, social work intervention can be broadly described as the process whereby a social worker provides interventions to individuals, families and groups of people among others with the aim of helping them to be able to bounce back from the numerous problems affecting their lives (Parris 2012, 57). From these interventions, the social workers are able to get a good assessment of what is affecting their clients and thus are able to provide perfect help. The aim of this research proposal is to be able to analyze social work intervention in young adults. Through the set objectives of this research, they will try to establish the functions of social workers in London, the various features incorporated in doing this work, the type of intervention chosen for various people and lastly, the effects accompanied with this analysis. In addition to this, the information that will be generated from the outcome of this research will be used for a number of purposes. The key purpose will be to create awareness to the public on the various issues affecting them and their families and how social work intervention can help them overcome all these challenges affecting them including drug and substance abuse, alcoholism and unemployment among others. From the results, viable and feasible recommendations will be formulated and this will be of significant effect to the society. The research proposal will be carried out in a number of ways that will be most suitable for the selected age group that is between 16 and 25 years old. The methodology to be used in carrying out this research will include the use of both primary and secondary sources of data collection. The primary sources to be exploited include carrying out observations, administering questionnaires and face to face interviews (Kothari 2005, 154). All these will be used since they will be able to provide first hand information

Writing Assignmet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Writing Assignmet - Essay Example CQR critics, like Beeson, point out that Section 15 of the US Patriot Act violates the 1st and 4th Amendments of the constitution by curbing the rights of interfering in a citizen’s personal data without his or her knowledge. The right in this provision helps the law to identify suspects and terrorists as soon a possible. It is a god idea because it helps in obviating terrorist acts and by taking preventive measures. According to the CQR, such powers encompass the civil liberties related to the infringement of political and free speech rights. The Bush and Obama administrators were criticized for abusing civil liberties in the wake of their war on terrorism. The major civil liberties purported to be abused were the liberties related to free speech. The FBI and the CIA conducted an enquiry into the civil rights. The international group has strongly criticized the interference in a person’s fundamental rights and has stated that the individual rights always take a backseat and suffer due to these actions. 7. How does the Brandon Mayfield case support or reject this claim? You will need to look up Brandon Mayfield as he is not mentioned in this chapter. I recommend that you type his name into the Google search engine. Please avoid Wikipedia throughout the course. The Brandon Mayfield case supports the claim because Brendon was arrested not after investigation, but based on the assumption that he played a fundamental role in the bombings. Brandon Mayfield case was simply linked to a bombing case without any evidence and his credibility was hampered due to the arrest. The US law did nothing to counter the harm done to Brandon’s personality. 8. Compare the case of another detainee, Mahr Arar, (mentioned in CQR but not in the chapter associated with this assignment) with that of Brandon Mayfield: How are their cases similar and how are they different? I recommend

Gun and Trade Show Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gun and Trade Show - Case Study Example These shows have to take into consideration the rules and regulation, legislations and laws of the local area where the exhibition or show will happen. To have a market plan about the gun and knife show the industry and SWOT analysis need to be done by the company. This helps in dominating the show and to attract more prospects. Before going for a marketing plan in the Tyler in state of Texas, the company should keep in view that the number of federally licensed gun dealers in United States has dropped between period 1995 and 2005. This may due to the reforms implemented by Clinton administration. This can be result of law made after 1993 Brady Handgun violence prevention act and violent crime control and law enforcement act. This resulted in fall in the number of people holding licensed fire arms by 78 percent as they did not qualify for the provisions of the laws. This made the market diminish to 25 percent of the previous size. The number of companies that produce fire arms also decreased in the same manner. The decrease of the market for the guns and weapons resulted in decrease of type 1 FFLs in United States from 2, 45,628 to 54,902 in 2005. This compels any company to make their products more innovative with safety arrangements and should think about making them available for cheaper prices. 1 2.1 Arrangements to with stand competition: The gun and trade show in Tyler will help the company in presenting their products. This needs the knowledge about the strategies of competitors. As the companies are less in number the organizers should plan the dates of the show in the time that witnesses no other shows like music, fine arts, circus and any other trade shows. As the market is very less, the people should be leisure to visit the show. The planning of the show in the absence of other show compels to announce the show dates within a short period from the date of commencement. This minimizes the chance of any other industry to plan the trade shows in those dates in Tyler. 2 2.2 Local Restrictions regarding gun trade shows: In general Texas administration follows the standard gun owner's line. The gun toting criminals are liable for tough penalties. As a result the guns and pistols were subjected to restricted use. This resulted in restrictions on trade shows. The tougher penalties on the criminals resulted in the decrease of the market for the guns. This will decrease the number of customers and the company should take a decision regarding attracting the rich and wealthier customers as the licenses and the guns are made costly by government legislations. The weapons should have concealed ones, the ways to conceal the weapons can be adopted to attract the customers in the show in Tyler as Texas administration is insisting on concealed weapons. The show arranged must be prepared for the instant background check instead of three day waiting period. 3. Competitive Analysis 3.1 Strengths: The manufacturers are less in number and the show can include almost all the front runners in the gun industry in the show. This results in top level manufacturers to participate in the show. As the gun is made costly and though the market decreased, the number of

Interpersonal Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Interpersonal Communication - Essay Example Significance of the Topic Tact is a significant topic. Tact is defined as saying the right words at the right time and at the right place. Tact reduces conflicts among individuals or groups. Tact incorporates the social context of each messaging process (Ackerson 5). By saying the right words, harmony and camaraderie permeates the environment. Further, tact-based interpersonal communication is a critically important aspect of every situation. People communicate with one another during certain times of the day. Some communicate with fellow workplace employees. Teachers communicate with their students. Siblings communicate with one other. Local government officials communicate with their constituents. Furthermore, tact-based internal communication is essential during unfavorable situations. Jennifer Lopez, American Idol judge, often used tact. In one social occasion, Lopez tactfully informed one of her favorite contestants that she was eliminated from the American singing contest. Jenn ifer Lopez used tact-based empathic words to diffuse the hurt felt by the losing contestant of the television broadcast. The broadcast is the popular American Idol show. Jennifer Lopez showed compassion for the losing contestant. Lopez was crying when she tactfully delivered the heart-breaking news to Jennifer’s favorite contestant. Tact-based interpersonal communication is a complex challenging activity (Solomon 4). ... Interpersonal communication involves the personal qualities of the communicating individuals or groups (Solomon 5). Factors that Make the Topic Unique The tact interpersonal communication topic is unique. Tact is only one of the factors that contribute to improved interpersonal communication. Tact involves taking into consideration how the listeners, readers, audiences and other receivers of the communication will feel when they receive the message. For example, the store’s sales representative offers to treat the customers a free lunch to prevent the customers from being angry at the delayed delivery of their ordered products. After the free lunch, the sales person slowly and tactfully explains that there will be a slight delay in the delivery of the customers’ ordered products. By paying for the customers’ lunch, the customer’s disgust is reduced or even eliminated. Cicero, the famous philosopher, affirms tact is necessary part of rhetoric. Rhetoric is p reparation and conducting of speech (Hunter 16). Tact is unique to the communication process (Hunter 16). When job superiors issue work orders or policies, the superiors must take into consideration the culture of the diverse employees. The Mexican employee brings one’s Mexican culture into the workplace. Learning some Spanish words will create tact-based interpersonal communication between the Caucasian supervisor and the newly hired Mexican immigrant worker, making the Mexican employee like the supervisor. Similarly, the Caucasian manager must take into consideration the Chinese employee’s religious culture when engaging in workplace interpersonal communication. Most Chinese are faithful to their Chinese religion. For example, the workplace manager should not force the

Gun and Trade Show Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gun and Trade Show - Case Study Example These shows have to take into consideration the rules and regulation, legislations and laws of the local area where the exhibition or show will happen. To have a market plan about the gun and knife show the industry and SWOT analysis need to be done by the company. This helps in dominating the show and to attract more prospects. Before going for a marketing plan in the Tyler in state of Texas, the company should keep in view that the number of federally licensed gun dealers in United States has dropped between period 1995 and 2005. This may due to the reforms implemented by Clinton administration. This can be result of law made after 1993 Brady Handgun violence prevention act and violent crime control and law enforcement act. This resulted in fall in the number of people holding licensed fire arms by 78 percent as they did not qualify for the provisions of the laws. This made the market diminish to 25 percent of the previous size. The number of companies that produce fire arms also decreased in the same manner. The decrease of the market for the guns and weapons resulted in decrease of type 1 FFLs in United States from 2, 45,628 to 54,902 in 2005. This compels any company to make their products more innovative with safety arrangements and should think about making them available for cheaper prices. 1 2.1 Arrangements to with stand competition: The gun and trade show in Tyler will help the company in presenting their products. This needs the knowledge about the strategies of competitors. As the companies are less in number the organizers should plan the dates of the show in the time that witnesses no other shows like music, fine arts, circus and any other trade shows. As the market is very less, the people should be leisure to visit the show. The planning of the show in the absence of other show compels to announce the show dates within a short period from the date of commencement. This minimizes the chance of any other industry to plan the trade shows in those dates in Tyler. 2 2.2 Local Restrictions regarding gun trade shows: In general Texas administration follows the standard gun owner's line. The gun toting criminals are liable for tough penalties. As a result the guns and pistols were subjected to restricted use. This resulted in restrictions on trade shows. The tougher penalties on the criminals resulted in the decrease of the market for the guns. This will decrease the number of customers and the company should take a decision regarding attracting the rich and wealthier customers as the licenses and the guns are made costly by government legislations. The weapons should have concealed ones, the ways to conceal the weapons can be adopted to attract the customers in the show in Tyler as Texas administration is insisting on concealed weapons. The show arranged must be prepared for the instant background check instead of three day waiting period. 3. Competitive Analysis 3.1 Strengths: The manufacturers are less in number and the show can include almost all the front runners in the gun industry in the show. This results in top level manufacturers to participate in the show. As the gun is made costly and though the market decreased, the number of

Electrical conductor Essay Example for Free

Electrical conductor Essay This would increase the resistance of the wire. Another reason why the 60cm wire the highest resistance is that the ammeter and the voltmeter could have been read incorrectly. One reason why the 100cm wire and the 80cm wire had a smaller resistance than the 60cm wire is that the coils of wire could have touched. If this did happen the length of the wire would be shortened. The current would take the easiest route, this being the shorter one meaning the current wont have taken long to travel along the wire. The more coils that touched the more the length of wire would have been shortened. There would have been less collision between the atoms of the wire and the electrons of the current. Also as the current wont have had as far to travel the electrons wont have had to squeeze together for as long as predicted. If this did happen I predict using the graph that the 100cm wire was decreased to an estimated 58cm, and that the 80cm wire was reduced to an estimated 55cm. I cannot prove that this is true, it is just a prediction. The sketch below shows what the graph looked like: The sketch below shows how I expected the graph to look: Evaluation I think that the 60cm, 80cm and the 100cm wires were all anomalous results. I think that all of these results are anomalous because the 60cm wire had a higher resistance than the 80cm and the 100cm wires , however the 80cm and 100cm wires had a lower resistance than the 60cm wire. I cannot tell which of the above statement is correct. The results could be anomalous because the ammeter and voltmeters were read incorrectly. Making the 60cm wire have a higher resistance than it should have had, or resulting in the 80cm and 100cm wires have a lower resistance than it should have had. The coils of wire on the 80cm and the 100cm wire could have touched, resulting in the length of the wire being shortened. This therefore would reduce the resistance of the wire because the current would take the easies route, which is the shortest instead of taking the longest route around the coil. This means that there would have been less collisions between the atoms of the wire and the electrons of the current. Therefore the current would have flowed faster than expected. Also as the electrons wouldnt have had as far to travel as predicted they wouldnt have had to squeeze together for as long, meaning there would have been less collisions between electrons and other electrons. The 60cm wire could have already been used. This means that it could have still held an electrical charge which would increase the resistance of the wire. Also all of the ice in the boiling tube could have melted meaning that the temperature would have increased, resulting in the resistance being increased. If I could repeat the investigation again there would be a number of changes that I would make. One of these changes would to decrease the lengths of the wire. The 100cm wire was too long and it was difficult to wrap the wire around the boiling tube without any of the coils touching. Also I could have used a bigger boiling tube that had a wider diameter. It would be easier to wrap the wire around the boiling tube without any of the coils touching. Also if more repetitions were done there would be less chance of anomalous results appearing. If I did the experiment again I would change the ice after each experiment. Therefore none of the ice would melt completely and the temperature wouldnt rise I dont think that the voltmeter and ammeter were read incorrectly because there are no massive changes in the two reading on the table. If I was to repeat the investigation I would make sure that the wire was new wire that hadnt been previously used and that the wire came from the same strip. I wouldnt change my graph because I fell that it is clear and easy to see where each length of wire is. Bibliography Below is a list of web sites that I used to fin out background knowledge for the investigation: www. essaybank. co. uk www. goggle. com www. sciencefinder. org www. sciencenet. org Here is a list of books that I used in my investigation:Â   Coordinated Science Physics Also I use Encarta 99 to find out information for the investigation.

Review On The Banc One Finance Essay

Review On The Banc One Finance Essay Banc One was founded in 1863 and headquartered in Columbus, Ohio. The bank has accumulated a total of $76.5 billion assets and produced revenues of $4.3 billion by 1994, being the 8th largest in the country. Banc One can be seen as a three tiered organisation. The first tier controlling five state banks and holding 42 subsidiaries, the second being a regional affiliate group and holding 36 subsidiaries and finally ten non-banking organizations, varying from insurance to data processing. Its parent company employed around 100 workers, of which 12 were working in the Asset and Liability management which is going to be explored in this report. (Kusy et al., 1986) How does Banc One manage its interest rate exposure? In this question it will be necessary to determine how Banc One hedges itself against changes in interest rate levels and what the possible risks it faces from such changes. As a foreword, it has to be understood that if a bank was to be perfectly matched in terms of its assets and liabilities, then any change in the interest rates would have offsetting impacts on both the asset and liability side. Hence the bank would never feel the effect of changing interest rates. However, in a real world situation, especially for a bank this size with its big asset and liability portfolio (assets $76.5 billion), it is quite impossible to be perfectly matched, nevertheless this must be attempted. (Saunders et al., 2006) Prior to 1980, Banc One was seen to be improperly measuring its interest rate exposure by trying to add assets to its investment portfolio until it was felt that the fixed rate investments offset the fixed rate liabilities. As well as to this, they were evading long term investments, in the belief that such prolonged investments will bring pointless risks to its investment portfolio. (Esty et al., 1994) By 1980, when the second oil shock hit hard and volatility exceeded in the market, Banc One finally understood that they have to adhere to the task of measuring their interest rate risk due to some investments bringing losses to the organization. Hence in 1981, they started measuring their maturity gap, which grouped all of its assets and liabilities into categories, adjusted to their repricing-adjusted maturities (amount of time an interest rate remains fixed on a contract). The repricing-adjusted maturities was split (12 months) and a value of assets minus liabilities derived to. This was a key figure for the bank to understand their net interest margin, i.e. interest rate received on assets minus interest paid on liabilities and therefore earnings. This was great for the bank to play around with and to understand how interest rate changes could affect its earnings. However, a problem was faced, which was that this task was far too time consuming, taking a year to produce a single gap management report which by the time of publishing would be out of date already. (Esty et al., 1994) In the same year, Banc One was generating 13% in money market short-medium term investments, 21% in longer-term securities, such as municipal bonds, which had a larger spread due to no tax incurred. As of 1984, Banc One started using asset and liability simulations to improve its prediction for interest rate exposure. By indicating the exact asset and liability portfolios they were able to estimate how interest rate changes would affect their earnings. The procedure was that, firstly, a so called online balance sheet was created that contained the most recent information on its assets and liabilities, for example key features of each contract, the principal amounts, interest rates, maturity dates and amortization of assets and liabilities, as well as historic information. Finally, when the model was complete, they could simulate how an interest rate change would affect its balance sheet and earnings. These predictions were being run monthly and outcomes helped the bank to make changes in its interest rate positions. It was later developed further by introducing an automatic system which would download all of the available loans and deposits on each customer to derive to a better prediction on the banks exposure to interest rates. What role do derivatives play in its interest rate management? Banc One has been seen to start using interest rate swaps from the 1980s. An interest rate swap is an agreement between two counterparties in which one party swaps its fixed payment interest stream with the other party for a floating payment stream that is linked to an interest rate benchmark, usually being the LIBOR. From 1983, Banc one began using interest rate swaps, the procedure was that first they bought municipal bonds and received a 9.5% yield, after which entered into an interest rate swap which paid a fixed rate of 7% (LIBOR) and hence received a net position of LIBOR +2.5%. However, using interest rate swaps has caused some of the financial data to be distorted, for example if the derivatives were included in the balance sheet then their margin would have been 1.31% lower and their return on assets lowered by 0.2%. After they have started using interest rate swaps, it was seen that they would depend more on large short-term borrowings, also the swap positions affected the amount of risk-adjusted capital they held. The impact was also seen on the net interest margin, as well as the return on assets and equity. The bank presented a set of financials and compared these to two twin banks. One, which was exactly the same as Banc One except that it brought its swaps onto the balance sheet by replacing the notional principal of its receive-fixed swaps with investments in fixed-rate securities funded by variable-rate borrowings. This bank would differ in its accounting performance, dependence on large liabilities, and capital levels. First, swaps improved Banc Ones liquidity. They also freed up capital for short term investment which provided cash when needed to repay liabilities such as CD withdraws. Second, the off-balance sheet accounting of swaps increased ROA and ROE. The receive fix rate swaps did not appear as an asset or a liability, but were disclosed in footnotes to the financial statements. Yet gains and losses would still be placed on the income statement. If the bank were to use a traditional hedge, buying a fixed rate bond and selling a floating rate security both would appear on the balance sheet: the net result being to lower traditional profitability measures. Finally, the stress over meeting the minimum capital requirements was deduced as swaps did not use much capital. They started using swaps instead of conventional fixed-rate investments. swaps were attractive investments that lowered the banks exposure to movements in interest rates. Instead of investing in medium-term U.S. Treasury obligations, it could simply enter into a medium-term receive-fixed swap and put its money into short-term floating-rate cash equivalents. Interest rate swap in which it paid a floating rate of interest and received a fixed rate in return this would increase a banks fixed-rate inflows and reduce its periodic floating rate inflows The second would invest in floating-rate loans and investments (instead of fixed-rate investments) and in floating-rate assets financed by floating-rate deposits (instead of swaps). This bank did not manage its interest rate sensitivity. exposure to interest rate risk is determined by simulating the impact of the prospective changes in interest rates in the results of operations. Management seeks to insure that over a one year period, net income will to be impacted by more than 4 percent and 9 percent by a gradual change in market interest rates of 1 percent and 2 percent, respectively. The chief Investment Officer did not understand why everyone was unhappy about swaps which was an investment which lowered the banks exposure to movements in interest rates and in 1993, they held a In 1993, a meeting took place after the $10 drop in Banc Ones stock price. Banc one did not understand why everyone was criticizing their use of derivatives (swaps). Many of the investors and market players did not really understand how to use swaps and thought that this was a risky investment, however Banc One grasped this investment style and was using it very well to their own advantage in their asset and liability management. The bank was faced with three options. First, not to do anything and hope that share price will recover over time as investors would realised that derivatives were helping the bank manage interest rate and basis risk. Second, they could reduce their derivative position. Thirdly, they could attempt to educate investors about the use of derivatives by showing more of their positions. None of these three is what Banc One decided on, what they did was create a financial summary and presented it to the market presented on the next slide. Swaps instead of investing in medium term US treasury obligations it would enter into a medium term receive-fixed swap and put its money into short term floating rate cash equivalents. (this way they improved liquidity with stable principal values; also swaps are off-balance sheet transactions for receive-fixed swap this way banks return on assets would be overstated; also swaps reduce the amount of capital needed to meet regulatory requirements) Why is Banc One liability-sensitive? In the 1980s Banc One was seen to be asset sensitive which was mostly to do with its acquisition scheme, where their acquired portfolio reached more than 75 banks which were all high asset sensitive banks. Asset sensitivity is the name given to a position where the deposit (liability) is fixed, whilst the loan (asset) might be changing. In the 90s, this has changed and the bank seemed to have turned liability-sensitive due to the use of interest rate swaps in which a floating rate was paid and a fixed rate in return was received. These transactions were giving the impression on the balance sheet that the bank was earning a floating rate liability and at the same time investing into a fixed rate asset. Banc One, being a liability sensitive bank, indicates that their loans (assets) are fixed, whilst the deposit (liability) is moving up or down. Therefore only a drop in interest rate will bring a higher net interest margin, as the spread between the fixed deposit and the floating dropped loan would widen, creating more profit for the bank. However if an interest rate rise was to incur, then this would mean that its floating rate payments would alter its financial data by boosting the interest expense, and with interest income staying on the same level this would set Banc One as a liability sensitive bank. Should it be liability-sensitive? Banc One has turned liability-sensitive as it may have been anticipating that the interest rates would drop and thus profit could have been made, as is shown in the liability sensitive bank table in the last column where the interest rate has dropped. However, if their prediction is wrong and the interest rate goes up then they will make a loss, as shown in the same table, column 3 from left. A bank can restructure its position whichever way it wants, if a bank bets that interest rates will go up then it could turn asset sensitive and fix its deposits (liabilities) and use a floating rate for their loans (assets) in order to make profits. For a bank which bets the opposite, a liability sensitive position can be taken by using the same method described as for the asset sensitive, just reversed, such that was taken by Banc One. From the graph shown below (Interest Rate and Spreads) it is now clear why Banc One has become liability-sensitive from its previous position. This is due to the fact that prior to the 90s the bank would fix its deposits, either using the LIBOR 3 month or the 2 year US Treasury, however then it was more preferable to lock the deposits in the 3 month LIBOR as the rate was lower and a more liquid position could have been sustained. However, after the drop in the rates in 1984-1986 and 1989 and thereafter Banc One would have been facing problems if to continue sustaining its position at the fixed deposit level, as the loans were under the deposit level and the bank could not get out of its obligatory 3 month or 2 year position. Therefore it started using swaps, and with undertaking swaps, this has reversed its position to swapping its loans from floating to becoming fixed, as they received a fixed return or with deposits becoming floating, as they paid a floating amount, whichever was m ore preferable. In Banc Ones case it seemed that swapping the fixed deposit, into a floating deposit would be viable as they had to get out of a loss making position, if the market was dropping. Deriving from the above mentioned, Banc One should be liability-sensitive in the case where it is making a loss on its current positions due to changing interest rates and thus utilising a swap, however its original positions undertaken in the beginning (before the interest rate moved out of favour) might be still as of an asset-sensitive bank, therefore it can be said that swaps distort the banks image. (Esty et al., 1994) References Esty B., Tufano P., Headley J., (1994). Banc One Corporation, Asset and Liability Management, Harvard Business School. Saunders A., Cornett M. M, (2006). Financial Institutions Management: A Risk Management Approach, McGraw-Hill. Kusy M.I., Ziemba W. T., (May-June 1986). Operations Research, A Bank Asset and Liability Management Model, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 356-376, Informs. Bitner J. W., Goddard R. A., (1992). Successful bank asset/liability management: a guide to the future beyond gap, John Wiley Sons.

Critical Opinions Essay -- Essays Papers

Critical Opinions Oliver Goldsmith, author of The Deserted Village, spent years as a hack writer, turning out books and articles on all sorts of subjects for London booksellers. Eventually, Goldsmith used his fluent pen to write himself out of obscurity and become one on the most characteristic and best English writers of the late 1700s, with his works The Vicar of Wakefield, The Traveller, and The Deserted Village. The Deserted Village is one of Goldsmith's acknowledged masterpieces, and probably the most distinguished long poem by an Irishman. Despite the popularity of The Deserted Village it became the focus of criticism from Goldsmith's contemporaries. Not all criticism, however, was negative. Literary criticism refers to a balanced analysis; even when literary critics supplement, they generally discuss the merits as well as faults of a work in order to arrive at a sound, deliberate assessment (Murfin 64). Most criticism of Goldsmith's The Deserted Village tended to be positive. Nevertheless, some contemporaries ranked The Deserted Village below The Traveller. For instance, according to Sir Samual Edgerton, The Deserted Village is a poem far inferior to The Traveller, though it contains many beautiful passages. Its inferiority to its predecessor [The Traveller] arises from its comparative want of compression, as well as of force and novelty of imagery. Its tone of melancholy is more sickly, and some of the descriptions which have been most praised are marked by all the poverty and flatness, and indeed are peopled with the sort of comic and grotesque figures, of Flemish landscape (Moulton 630). Irish literary nationalists believe that the village of Auburn in The Deserted Village is the Irish village of Lissoy. ... ...ened by touches of pathos; if sorrow disturb the heart, it is more than half consoled by the thought, that gentle or happy natures will find or make for themselves such simple and unexacting pleasures, wherever their lot may cast (Moulton 681). Oliver Goldsmith continued to write regardless of the different critical views from his contemporaries on the The Deserted Village. While doing my research I came across a very poignant quote by Goldsmith, "Write how you want, the critic shall show the world you could have written better." Works Cited Moulton, Charles Wells, ed. The Library of Literary Criticism. Gloucester, Mass: The Moulton Publishing Company. 1959. Murfin, Ross and Supryia M. Ray. The Bedford Glossary of Critical and Literary Terms. New York: Bedford Books. 1997. Swarbick, Andrew, ed. The Art of Oliver Goldsmith. London: Vision Press. 1984. Critical Opinions Essay -- Essays Papers Critical Opinions Oliver Goldsmith, author of The Deserted Village, spent years as a hack writer, turning out books and articles on all sorts of subjects for London booksellers. Eventually, Goldsmith used his fluent pen to write himself out of obscurity and become one on the most characteristic and best English writers of the late 1700s, with his works The Vicar of Wakefield, The Traveller, and The Deserted Village. The Deserted Village is one of Goldsmith's acknowledged masterpieces, and probably the most distinguished long poem by an Irishman. Despite the popularity of The Deserted Village it became the focus of criticism from Goldsmith's contemporaries. Not all criticism, however, was negative. Literary criticism refers to a balanced analysis; even when literary critics supplement, they generally discuss the merits as well as faults of a work in order to arrive at a sound, deliberate assessment (Murfin 64). Most criticism of Goldsmith's The Deserted Village tended to be positive. Nevertheless, some contemporaries ranked The Deserted Village below The Traveller. For instance, according to Sir Samual Edgerton, The Deserted Village is a poem far inferior to The Traveller, though it contains many beautiful passages. Its inferiority to its predecessor [The Traveller] arises from its comparative want of compression, as well as of force and novelty of imagery. Its tone of melancholy is more sickly, and some of the descriptions which have been most praised are marked by all the poverty and flatness, and indeed are peopled with the sort of comic and grotesque figures, of Flemish landscape (Moulton 630). Irish literary nationalists believe that the village of Auburn in The Deserted Village is the Irish village of Lissoy. ... ...ened by touches of pathos; if sorrow disturb the heart, it is more than half consoled by the thought, that gentle or happy natures will find or make for themselves such simple and unexacting pleasures, wherever their lot may cast (Moulton 681). Oliver Goldsmith continued to write regardless of the different critical views from his contemporaries on the The Deserted Village. While doing my research I came across a very poignant quote by Goldsmith, "Write how you want, the critic shall show the world you could have written better." Works Cited Moulton, Charles Wells, ed. The Library of Literary Criticism. Gloucester, Mass: The Moulton Publishing Company. 1959. Murfin, Ross and Supryia M. Ray. The Bedford Glossary of Critical and Literary Terms. New York: Bedford Books. 1997. Swarbick, Andrew, ed. The Art of Oliver Goldsmith. London: Vision Press. 1984.

Athenagoras Essay -- Christian Apologist Biography Bio

ATHENAGORAS Athenagoras was a Christian apologist who flourished in the second half of the second century CE. Two extant works, the Plea on Behalf of Christians and On the Resurrection of the Dead, have traditionally been attributed to him. HIS LIFE Athenagoras does not appear in the ecclesiastical histories of either Eusebius, Socrates, or Sozomen. Methodius (d. 311 CE) is the only ante-Nicene writer to mention Athenagoras; Methodius' From the Discourse on the Resurrection 1.7 refers to Athenagoras' Plea 24. The only other early witness to Athenagoras is Philip of Side, a deacon of Chrysostom, who lived during the fifth century. According to a fourteenth century codex, Philip wrote, "Athenagoras was the first to head the school in Alexandria. He flourished at the time of Hadrian and Antoninus, to both of whom he addressed his Plea on Behalf of Christians. He became a Christian while he wore the philosopher's cloak and was at the head of the Academy. Even before Celsus he was anxious to write against the Christians. ..." (Migne PG vi.182; English translation in Schoedel ix). These meager references comprise our entire biographical knowledge of Athenagoras, apart from the material found in his extant writings. The Arethas Codex (914 CE) and three other manuscripts contain the same introductory ascription: "A plea for Christians by Athenagoras the Athenian: philosopher and Christian. To the emperors Marcus Aurelius Antoninus and Lucius Aurelius Commodus, conquerors of Armenia and Sarmatia, and more than all, philosophers." Philip mentions that Athenagoras flourished during the time of Hadrian and Antoninus, but the Arethas introduction places him in the reigns of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus and Lucius Aurelius Commodus. Ph... ...e Fathers, vol. 2. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1954. Rauch, James L. "Greek Logic and Philosophy and the Problem of Authorship in Athenagoras." Ph.D diss., University of Chicago, 1961. Ruprecht, Louis A., Jr. "Athenagoras the Christian, Pausanius the Travel Guide, and a Mysterious Corinthian Girl." Harvard Theological Review 85 (1992): 35-49. Schoedel, William R. Athenagoras: Legatio and De Resurrectione. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972. Schwartz, Eduard. Athenagorae Libellus pro Christianis, Oratio de Resurrectione cadaverum. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs, 1891. Vermander, Jeane-Marie. "Celse et l'attribution a Athà ©nagore d'un ouvrage sur la rà ©surrection des morts." Melanges de Science Religieuse 35 (1978): 125-134. Zeegers-Vander Vorst, Nicole. "La paternità © athà ©nagorienne du De rà ©surrection." Revue d'Histoire Ecclà ©siastique 87 (1992): 334-374.

Differences Between Gaap & Ifrs in Accounting

Income Tax Memorandum 10/18/2012 Over the past few years, there has been a push to adopt a single international accounting standard in order to simplify commerce in the global economy we live in today. However, this is more easily said than done because of some very notable differences between U. S. GAAP and IFRS standards. One of the most significant differences between GAAP and IFRS arises when accounting for income taxes.The first issue that arises when accounting for income taxes is determining the tax basis of an asset or liability. Under IFRS standards, tax basis is based on the expected manner of recovery. These standards define the tax base of an asset as the amount that will be deductible for tax purposes against any taxable economic benefits that will be received in the future. Similarly, the tax base of a liability is defined as its carrying amount, less any amount that will be deductible for tax purposes in the future.Under U. S. GAAP standards, tax basis is a question of fact under the tax law, which means the tax basis of an asset or liability is the amount used for tax purposes. For example, in the case of an asset, tax basis includes the amounts that are deductible for deprecation, as well as any amounts that would be deductible upon sale or liquidation of the asset under tax law. Another key difference between IFRS and GAAP is how income tax expense (benefit) is allocated to financial statement components.IFRS allows for a full â€Å"backwards tracing† approach to be used. In this approach, income tax expense is recognized in the income statement regardless of the period in which the tax expense or benefit is recognized. Under GAAP standards, â€Å"backwards tracing† is prohibited, and income tax is allocated to the financial statement category where the pre-tax item was recorded. A further difference between IFRS and GAAP arises when dealing with Deferred Tax Assets (DTA’s) and Deferred Tax Liabilities (DTL’s).The f irst difference between the two standards is how DTA’s and DTL’s are classified. Under IFRS, DTA’s and DTL’s are always classified as noncurrent on the balance sheet. GAAP requires that DTA’s and DTL’s be classified as either current or noncurrent, based on the classification of the asset or liability generating the temporary difference. IFRS and GAAP also differ on how a Deferred Tax Asset is recognized. IFRS uses the Net Approach, where assets are not recognized unless it is probable (greater than 50%) that they will be realized.Whereas GAAP calls for the Gross Approach, in which the full DTA is recorded and then reduced by a valuation allowance if it is not likely to be realized. One of the last key differences between IFRS and GAAP in accounting for income taxes is each standard’s guidance for uncertain tax positions. Under IFRS, there is no specific guidance given, and a company can record the liability as either a single best es timate, or a weighted-average probability of the possible outcomes. GAAP however, gives clear guidance on how to account for uncertain tax positions.Under these standards, if an uncertain tax position meets the â€Å"more likely than not† recognition threshold, the benefit is measured at the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized. In summary, the differences between IFRS and GAAP accounting standards are vast, and each difference has a real effect on a company’s financial statements. IFRS tends to have less strict guidelines, and each individual company is allowed to use their own judgment on certain matters. GAAP takes a stricter approach, and most accounting issues have set guidelines and standards that a company must adhere to.

Gender Struggle in a Thousand Splendid Suns Essay

â€Å"Women like us. We endure. It’s all we have.† Mariam, the child of a wealthy man and his house maid, lived by this quote all her life. The quote also applies to Laila, a woman who was raised in a modern household with education. An analysis of the hardships of women in Khaled Hosseinim’s, A Thousand Splendid Suns, would reveal that the injustices of society are coped with differently throughout several generations of women. Although Laila’s upbringing allowed her to be the stronger of the two women, both Mariam and Laila triumphed after enduring so much evil and cruelty. Their mothers on the other hand did not. Mariam’s mother, Nana, was at one point the house maid of a wealthy man named Jalil. She later on mothered his child, Mariam. Both Mariam and her mother had become outcastes and were sent to an isolated area as a consequence for the intolerable act. Mariam’s mother resents Jalil for it, and she also often complains about it to her daughter, ultimately trying to discourage Mariam from not trusting him. Ironically, Mariam’s mother did not openly express her resentment towards Jalil while he was around, nor did she ever attempt to change the situation. In using the inner strength that a woman contains Nana could have strived to make a better life for both she, and her child. Laila’s mother, Fariba, had a seemingly happy household, yet she often found herself immersed in overwhelming grief. When her sons Ahmad and Noor leave to fight in the jihad, and are later on killed in action Laila’s mother stays in bed mourning their loss. When the opportunity presents itself for the family to leave she wishes to stay in Afghanistan in order to see the freedom of the land that her sons died for. Fariba may have a more optimistic view in this sense. A look at the greater picture would reveal that she too lacks the effort to change the situation she is in, in similarity to Mariam’s mother. Fariba stayed in bed living in the past, letting everything take its course in hopes of justice, instead of solidifying her future by making a difference. Mariam and Laila are years apart by age, and come from two entirely different life styles, what brings these women together is one man, Rasheed. They are forced to marry this man through loss and heartache. Their marriages to Rasheed consist of emotional and physical abuse that is legally acceptable under fundamentalist Islamic governments such as the Mujahedeen and the Taliban. In addition to domestic violence, Laila and Mariam have to deal with senseless war, in which many of their closest loved ones lost their lives. Mariam and Laila endure because with their mentality it is simply the only choice they have. Neither of them would have been willing to just give up so they persevered and tried to make the best of the situations they faced. They both tried to have an optimistic view in a life that seemed to have little joy. Laila’s mother was never able to let go of the past and allow herself to move on from her son’s deaths. She was unable or unwilling to see her daughter and her husband as a way to make a happier future. Mariam’s mother became a bitter woman – perhaps many would say she had no choice, but we all have a choice in how we react and behave. She had decided to take her own life when Mariam because she felt she had nothing left to live for. These choices were something that Mariam and Laila would have never made, not because they were better than their mothers, but simply because they chose to never give up and never lose hope. In conclusion, Laila and Mariam overcame several accounts of injustice, evil, and extreme cruelty, unlike their mothers whom fell short upon effort. Despite their seemingly opposite upbringings both women far surpassed the efforts of their mothers. To endure is to continue or to last despite hardships, pain, and loss. Laila and Mariam clearly have endured through a series of injustices. It was their only choice. Bibliography Hosseini, Khaled. A Thousand Splendid Suns. New York: Riverhead, 2007. A Thousand Splendid Suns The history of Afghanistan is marked by death and loss and unimaginable grief. Ultimately, this is more than a story of survival in the face of what seem to be insurmountable odds. It is a story of the unconquerable spirit of a people and individuals seen through the eyes of two indomitable women. A Thousand Splendid Suns is told eloquently through the eyes of Laila and Mariam.

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein Essay

   Tragedy followed them: of their four children, only one lived very long. Then in 1822, aged just thirty, Mary’s husband drowned when on a cruise with her husband, his ship having capsized due to a summer storm. Mary’s life was effectively over: even though she lived for another thirty years, her flame never again burned as brightly as it had done in the company of her husband. She pursued to live as a professional writer until her death in 1851. Mary was constantly tormented in life by death and depression, which may have led her to write ‘Frankenstein’. Frankenstein is a book about man’s thirst for knowledge, about the way he is not satisfied unless he knows all the wonders of the world. In many cases, this can lead to the destruction of a man’s soul, as it did to Victor Frankenstein. His quest to learn the secrets of heaven and earth ended in disaster. The monster was the embodiment of evil, bringing death and destruction wherever it laid foot. It brought death to Frankenstein’s family, in a pure quest for revenge. Symbolic of most evil, the monster was manmade. In many ways Mary Shelley’s life can be compared to that of Victor Frankenstein’s. Mary must have felt that wherever she went, evil followed, as those closest to her were snatched away. She portrayed this in Frankenstein as Victor’s family was destroyed by the monster, symbolic of the evil she felt followed her. Mary’s marriage is also represented in Frankenstein. Mary’s marriage to Percy Shelley was the happiest time of her life before he was killed. In the same way, Victor’s marriage to Elizabeth was the only joy he had felt in a long time, when just as suddenly she was murdered by the monster, again symbolising the evil that Mary felt killed her husband. Mary also describes very vividly the pain that Victor felt, leading us to believe that she must have felt the same pain and agony. She reveals this in many situations such as the quotes, ‘the overflowing misery I now felt, and the excess of agitation that I endured rendered me incapable of any exertion’ and, ‘a fiend had snatched from me every chance of future happiness; no creature had ever been so miserable as I was’. The ending of the story was that the death of Victor Frankenstein led the monster to believe that his work was done, and so the monster burned himself to death. The creation had ironically led to the death of the creator. Mary believed that in the event of a man’s demise, the evil inside him dies as well. Frankenstein contains a sad ending, with the destruction of a whole family due to a man’s insatiable quest for knowledge. Mary’s life also consisted of a sad ending, in which she was never as happy as she was when with her husband. She died a lonely death, without her loved ones surrounding her, the same fate shared by Victor Frankenstein. The monster in Frankenstein can be compared to the beast in Lord of the Flies. There are both similarities and differences. In both novels, the idea of a monster/beast represents the pure manifestation of evil. Mutually they lead to the destruction and death of those around them. They are equally spawned from the mind and hands of humans. They both originally spring from the minds of humans. To explain, in Lord of the Flies is the imagination of the boys representing evil, and in Frankenstein it is Victor’s wild imagination and thirst for intellect that leads to the creation of the monster. However, this can also be viewed as a particular dissimilarity. In Frankenstein, the monster is bodily real and physically inflicts harm on Victor’s family. However in Lord of the Flies the beast is just as deadly and evil, but is inside the children’s minds. William Golding was born in Cornwall in 1911. His family was progressive and it was the first source of influence for Golding’s talent. He studied physics and English literature at Marlboro and Oxford University of England. From the first years of his life, he faced the atrocities of war. Fuelled with stories his parents related to him about the first war, he took part in the second great war by joining the British Navy at 1940. After the war, William became a teacher at a boys school in Salisbury. Here, he started to act as a writer. He observed many children in their natural environment, and must have witnessed the negative side of a child’s nature countless number of times. This led him to write Lord Of The Flies which was his first published book. William Golding lived through the two biggest wars in history. During his time in the Navy, he had a constant reminder of the evil and brutality in the hearts of men. He saw countless lives lost around him, some belonging to his friends. It had been revealed to him that the pure evil inside a man can start world wars. This, along with his teaching experiences, was his incentive to write Lord Of The Flies. After surviving the war, he saw during his teaching that children were not bereft of evil either. Combining these two topics he wrote Lord Of The Flies, the conflict between humanity’s innate barbarism and the civilizing influence of reason. In the book, he portrays Jack as the embodiment of evil. It is Jack’s thirst for power that causes the breakdown of civilisation. In this way, Jack can be compared to Hitler. Jack did not want to stop murdering until the whole of Ralph’s group were killed. In the same way, Hitler did not want to stop until the world was rid of Jews. Jack’s tribe wore face paint whereas Hitler and the Nazis wore the sign of the Swastika on their arms. Jack is aided in his quest of destruction by Roger, who can be compared to the Nazis. Roger also represents pure evil and wrongness, moreso even than Jack. He derived sadistic pleasure from torturing pigs and the other boys on the island. Similarly, the Nazis tortured the Jews from which they obtained a sick sense of fulfilment. Roger is one of Jack’s most loyal helpers, and gladly carries out his orders, in the same manner the Nazis obeyed Hitler. The ending of the novel can be interpreted in two different ways. The first would be to interpret that William Golding does actually have a positive outlook on life and believes that the end of life will be a happy one. This can be portrayed as the naval officer who has come to end the evil and escape the boys from the clutches of death, and thus the arrival of authority seems like a happy and ironic ending. However if one digs deeper it is just a continuation from one war to another. Once all the boys get on the Navy cruiser, they’ll most likely just be subjected to more battle and fighting, this time on a worldwide level, due to the war taking place in the outside world. To conclude, the common theme in both novels was the evil in man. Both authors had their own experiences that led them to believe that evil resides amongst all of us. They both took their experiences and portrayed them in novels filled with symbolism. Mary Shelley believed that evil is constantly around us, and that no-one can escape. She believed that man has an evil inside of him so powerful that it can lead to the destruction of his own soul. William Golding’s understanding was that every man is born with evil inside him. He didn’t believe in man’s innocence after the second world war. He found that even children are not innocent, saying, ‘No one is innocent until the society and the way of his life make him to pretend that he’s innocent. But sometimes, when a man is facing a difficult situation then he will probably show his other nature, the dark and guilty nature. ‘ Shyam Kanabar Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

The roll of a judge is similar to that of a referee Essay

The roll of a judge is similar to that of a referee - Essay Example In a game, the referee controls the proceedings, making sure that the players follow all the rules of the game, and that they play it within the scope and gamut of the rules. Similarly, in court proceedings a judge plays the pivotal role of applying and interpreting the laws and resolving disputes arising under them. Thus, it can be stated that the role of a judge is similar to that of a referee. Every game has a set of rules, which dictates how the game will be played. When it is being played between two different players or teams, disputes may arise. Therefore, someone has to supervise the game and intervene when a rule is broken, to ensure that it is played in a fair manner and the participants follow stipulated rules. The judge functions in a similar way under the judicial system to ensure that the laws are followed and justice is served to the parties involved without bias and prejudices. It is incumbent upon both the judge and the referee that they avoid discrimination, and promote equality. In order to be effective in their roles both have to possess an in-depth knowledge of the relevant rules and should be in a position to explain the rules if questioned. This makes the role of a judge comparable to that of a referee because they judge a game in the context of the rules governing it and assess penalties or award punishments for violations. In order for a judge to be effective in his role of safeguarding justice he should be able to act independently outside of any influences so that he can carry out the verdict within the limits of the law, and hand down a judgment that meets the ends of natural justice. The Constitution of every democratic country recognizes the independence of judges by guaranteeing them liberty to take decisions and making the judicial branch as a separate entity distinct from other branches of the government. Judges interpret laws and make decisions but they don’t impose their

The Lack of a Plan for New Business and Design Case Study

The Lack of a Plan for New Business and Design - Case Study Example She believes that Kelly is being an obstructionist, and not allowing the project enough of the programmers time, dooming the project to failure. She believes that it is worth extending the companies budget to bring in outside programmers to ensure the project's success. Kelly Thomas believes that this project is unreasonable. Without a set plan for developing new projects, there is no way to ensure enough quality control testing. She also believes that what Pat is asking is unreasonable, and is not possible in the time frame that Pat Lambert has asked for. She recognizes that an increased budget still does not speed up development time. Chris Martinas believes that this project is integral to the success of the company. At the same time, he shows some ambivalence as to whether this program is actually what they need, especially considering the increase in budget Pat is asking for. Chris would like the project to succeed, but also recognizes that it needs to be kept within the company, and not done by hiring other programmers. Cliff's arguments are reasonable; he recognizes that with a broadening market that his company needs to expand to remain competitive. His recognition that older customers should not be ignored and that the budget for the new project needs to remain low is also very reasonable. He recognizes that change is necessary, but that it should only be good for the company.

Macroeconomics...........case5 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Macroeconomics...........case5 - Case Study Example Economist Paul Collier, of Oxford Univesity in England, has examined what went wrong with these â€Å"trapped countries.† Based on decades of research, he identifies some poverty traps. About 750 million people of the bottom billion have recently lived through, or are still in the midst of, a civil war. Such wars can drag on for years with economically disastrous consequences. For example, the ethnic conflict in Burundi between the Hutus and the Tutsis has lasted three decades, which helps explain that country’s poorest-in-the-world ranking. Unfortunately, the poorer a country becomes, the more likely it is to succumb to civil war. And once a country goes through one civil war, more are likely. Ethnic conflict, or civil war, is Collier’s first poverty trap. But why, aside from poverty itself, are so many sub-Saharan countries mired in civil war? He finds that three factors heighten the risk of such conflicts: (1) a relatively high proportion of young, uneducated men with few job prospects (who, thus, have a low opportunity cost); (2) an imbalance between ethnic groups, with one tending to outnumber the rest; and (3) a supply of natural resources like diamonds or oil, which both creates an incentive to rebel and helps finance that rebellion. The presence of mineral wealth in an otherwise poor country can also undermine democracy itself. Government revenue from mineral sales reduces taxes, which dampens public debate about how taxes should be spent. For example, because of oil revenue, the Nigerian government relies less on taxes, so there is less pressure for government accountability, and hence fewer checks and balances on a corrupt government. Thus, misuse of resource wealth is Collier’s second poverty trap. About 300 million o f the poorest billion live in countries that have fallen into this trap. This leads us to the third poverty trap: a dysfunctional or corrupt government. Government

Bicyclists who dont follow rules in nyc Term Paper

Bicyclists who dont follow rules in nyc - Term Paper Example Utility cycling is seen commonly in New York while it is also used for regular commuting and recreation by many. To support and encourage the use of cycles, there were numerous bike ways or bike lanes created. There has been an increase in the number of bike lanes in New York City. This increase in bike lanes has attracted mixed reactions for different elements of the society. Many have criticised this and cycling in general for the reason that cyclists do not follow the rules. This paper is aimed at finding out what the media is writing about bicyclists who do not follow traffic rules in New York City. There has been a lot written in the media about bicyclists not following traffic rules. The criticism of bicyclists is not just limited to breaking of traffic rules but also has attracted religious criticism. Various quarters of the society have reacted differently to the issue and each has a different opinion. But the popular view in the media is that the cyclists have to be blamed. The opinion of the public that has dominated the media is that cyclists are hated. There are various instances and reasons that are pinpointed to show that cyclists do not follow rules and as a result have caused troubled to the commuters and motorists in the city. An article in Gothamist has published the views of the people who hate the cyclists (OGrady, 2011). Following are the various reasons that people give which go on to prove that cyclists are in fact not following the rules. Some are of the view that cyclists over speed on the bicycles. The speed of the cyclists is such that bystanders compare them to the cyclists in Tour De France. With their gear and helmets, cyclists try to imitate those in the race and try to hit high speeds. This threatens the safety of others on the road. Cyclists must be bound by the law to drive under

Quantitative research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Quantitative research - Assignment Example The population is one hundred and three pregnant teenagers attending antenatal care within the problem statement. The problem statement includes the part of the population that relates to the study or research. The part of the population affected in this case is the youth section and specifically teenagers. The problem relates to nursing perfectly. This is because the issue of pregnancies is on the health sector and health officers or nurses should come up with a method that will effectively control this situation. Nurses have the mandate to organize workshops that educate youths on the appropriate use of contraceptives in order to avoid unwanted pregnancies. The main purpose of this study was to find out the factors that facilitate the rise of teenage pregnancies in a village of the Capricorn district that is located in the Limpopo province. Some of the factors include: The ignorance boosted by cultural taboos to discuss sex appropriately with parents always perceive peer pressure. This makes young girls in such communities to acquire unnecessary pregnancies (Babbie & Mouton, 2009). The independent of dependent and independent variables are appropriately reviewed in this research. The dependent variable is because of output while the independent variable is because of input. The review of these elements is in the research whereby the age of the teenagers represents the independent variable and the result or pregnancy represents the dependent variable. Strengths generate from within the organization. The strengths of this study based on the availability of information needed since they were operating in one village. This situation did not require many resources. The study had weaknesses in that it was unable to spread the project and relevant information to other villages within the district. There is a clear linkage of the dependent and independent variable in this study. The link arises at the point where

Acount of patient Essay Example for Free

Acount of patient Essay The experience of reflection as a implement for understanding in workplace education, can allow the student to problem solve in practice. By exploring the persons own unique circumstances and past experience they can, in order to learn, bear in mind past beliefs and recollections as a basis to accomplish a desired learning result. (Rolfe, 1998). Taylor (2000) suggests that, to reflect on action from an event, we must recollect our thoughts and memories. That is when we must use the faculty of contemplation, meditation and consideration, which permits us to realise the insight of our past experiences and thoughts, in order to adapt our behaviour, should we encounter similar related incidents in the future. Introduction This reflective case study has been written using the Gibbs (1998) model of reflective writing. Confidentiality has been preserved throughout in accordance with the Health Professions Council (HPC) Code of Professional Conduct (HPC, 2002) and I have chosen the pseudonym of Joyce Charles for my patient. Although this was the first week of my second placement in general practice this was the first time that we had met, therefore, I introduced myself and made clear at the practice and explaining that I was a Paramedic undergoing further training to become an Emergency Care Practitioner (ECP) (as described by Silverman et al 1999). Joyce gave me verbal consent (Department of Health 2001) to take part in her consultation and treatment. Description The rationale for reflection in relation in to this topic is to understand the difference in todays standards and how important the Health Care Professionals role will impact in providing care for patients suffering chronic disease. Joyce had returned to the surgery following a glucose tolerance test, for diabetes, she was a 43 year old clinically obese female. The previous week  she was seen by the Doctor as she had some sores that were not healing properly. Joyce was asked to return to see the diabetic nurse at the surgery clinic to obtain her results and ask any questions, that arose. I was invited to work along side Faith, who was one of the nurse practioners assigned to the Surgery and she would take the main lead in the consultation. Although part-time, one of her many roles, was to facilitate the diabetic clinic, with lots of experience, she was willing to share a considerable amount of her medical wisdom. Kadushin (1992) suggests that primary components of clinical supervision should be about education, support and management. Being a practice nurse in the village surgery she had implemented many of the National Service Frameworks (NSFs) and Integrated Care Pathways (ICPs) enabling the practice to initiate Government targets in promoting healthcare to the community. My role in this consultation was to obtain a full history (appendix 1) (Hatton and Blackwood) and to lead the health promotion conversation and to give general health information and diet and lifestyle. Feelings Joyce was going to be given the news that she had Type 2 diabetes and after a few minutes she asked a number of questions and as she did so, her voice started to waiver and she clearly was quite shocked at this news. She had tears welling up in her eyes, then burst into tears. This outburst of emotion overwhelmed and surprised me, however the nurse was also a trained counsellor and was very supportive and sympathetic in her manner. I was now quite worried that I would become too focused in this one area of her emotion. Benner (1984) indicates that one of the exceptional attributes of expert nurses is that they spend a great deal of their nursing time thinking about the future course of a patient, anticipating what obstacles might occur and what they would do about them. I always seem to lose my confidence and train of thought as a result of being watched, probably fear of being criticised in a non conducive manner. Dreyfus and Dreyfus (1977) note that as long as the beginner is following the rules, his/him performance will be halting, rigid and mediocre. Whist I was attending one of my first lectures, I was advised to use the acronym LEAPS which is a way of effectively conducting a consultation by listening, empathizing, asking questions, paraphrasing and summarising. Techniques like this enables practitioners who are at the beginning of their new roles, a foundation on which to build the consultation, leading to confidence, which I hoped would be communicated to Joyce. I did feel a degree of consternation when I started talking about diet, as Joyce had a body mass index of 39, which is just one below the morbid obese level (Simon et al 2002) and she appeared embarrassed and visibly upset. I managed to answer her questions concerning her condition, and how it would affect her daily life, such as could she still drive, would she have to have injections every day, and she has a holiday abroad, could she still go. Once she had the information, Joyce, seemed to relax and manage to retain some of this information, this assisted to make me more relaxed too, as I felt that at least this part of the consultation was being received well. Evaluation Even though Joyce was upset, I was very pleased to have the occasion to play an important function in the explanation to Joyce that she had a Long Term Condition (LTC) and that I was asked to provide the most significant features of managing the condition, diet and lifestyle information. The discussion was well planned and undertaken in way that was both sensitive and constructive and make sure that Joyce was given appropriate health and lifestyle information and had the chance to share in the decision-making processes regarding the long-term management of her condition. Sonkensen et al (1986) stated that unfortunately, most diabetic education is centred around the time of diagnosis. This is the time when the patient is least receptive and is unable to comprehend what is being said. Therefore, I asked Joyce to make a further appointment with the dietician, who would address any deeper problems. I had already gathered a small amount printed leaflets and provided some website addresses with appropriate information. This was to ensure that when Joyce left the surgery she would be able to  find information on her condition, when she felt that she would need it. The level of planning that had taken place before the consultation began was very good and met the patients needs of, honesty, attention, time allowed for questions and the use of clear language as described Mueller (2002) in his recent paper on this subject. These factors are essential in ensuring that the patient accepts their chronic condition early, this ensures that long-term management can begin, and the patient can begin the long process of learning to live with their condition. Analysis Two main areas emerged during the history taking, the psychological factors of obesity and the affects of obesity on diabetes, and the recognition that there was a history of depression. Depression is not generally listed as a complication of diabetes. However, it can be one of the most common and dangerous complications. The rate of depression in diabetics is much higher than in the general population. Diabetics with major depression have a very high rate of recurrent depressive episodes within the following five years. (Lustman et al 1977) A depressed person may not have the energy or motivation to maintain good diabetic management. Depression is frequently associated with unhealthy appetite changes. Before Joyces situation can be considered it is clear that the underlying depression as well as the diabetes needs are met in the her treatment plan. Failure to do so would prevent us from achieving our first goal of weight reduction. Obesity may be called the modern living disease and is an associated condition to many long term health conditions such as coronary heart disease, kidney failure, cancer and diabetes. Over the last 25 years, the level of obesity in the UK has grown by over 400 % (House of Commons Health Committee 2004). A huge amount of research is underway across the world to try to understand the causes of this obesity explosion. Most people who are obese are not aware of why they overeat, how much they eat, or how frequently they eat (Bellack, 2000). Joyce had been overweight since her teenage years and as a result, had been teased and bullied, this may have been a prelude to her initial depression too. Nutrition education is an  integral part of all behavioural approaches to weight control. Bellack (2000) also indicated that patients must have the relevant information to use in understanding and structuring their dietary practices and in assessing the potential effects of behaviour change. I had advised Joyce of the adverse effects of quick weight loss and fad diets, so it was important for her to seek further advice from the dietician. The Nurse Practitioner was an advocate of the Health Action Model (HAM) which was devised by Tones () and it emphasises the importance of self-esteem on behaviour. This model identifies a variety of physiological, social and environmental influences which research and practice have shown to be imperative. Using this model has help Faith to achieve desirable behaviour changes in all areas of LTC patients under her care, and Joyce would benefit from this experience, eventually when Joyce had settled into the realisation of her newly diagnosed condition. It is clear that to prevent an ever-increasing burden on an already stretched healthcare budget that primary care will play a vital role in the promotion of a healthy lifestyle. Diabetes is already costing the UK in excess of 9% of the entire healthcare budget and this is predicted to rise over the next 25 years to a level around 25% (House of Commons Health Committee 2004). The NHS is committed to developing a range or strategies to reduce the risks of type 2 diabetes developing in the population. This is enshrined in standard 1 of the National Service Framework: Diabetes (2001). This Standard looks at the key interventions increasing and promoting physical activity and by increasing the amount of training and education available to health professionals on the interventions that are effective in preventing and managing obesity. When analysing the entire case it is clear that Joyce was Identified as an at risk patient at an early stage and that the required diagnostic tests where carried out without any delay. Once a diagnosis was made, a planned and structured approach was used to convey this to Joyce in an honest, sensitive and understandable way. Information was made available to Joyce as well as providing addresses for her to source her own information. In consultation with Joyce, a follow up regime was designed that suitable for her needs as  well as adaptable for the future. On reflection, I feel that this case was dealt with in a highly successful manor. As with all chronic conditions it is imperative that Joyce understands her unique care pathway, that will, with her compliance support and aid her to lack of complications in her future years. Conclusion I can summarise my reflections on Joyces case as follows. Before breaking news about a chronic disease or life threatening illness careful thought should be given to planning. This should follow close as possible the SPIKES (Baile 2000) model of breaking bad news, which advocates that setting up the correct environment, being prepared to deal with the patients emotions and having a strategy and plan prepared to manage the patients condition are fundamentally essential. To prevent the healthcare costs of the nation spiralling out of control over the next few years, in conjunction with chronic disease health surveillance and health promotion under the guidance of the NSFs and Nice guidelines will demonstrate a marked improvement in further As demonstrated in Joyces case it is important that the clinical team employ a holistic approach when dealing with patients, this becomes even more crucial when dealing with the complexities of a chronic illness. My final conclusion is that early detection and diagnosis of a chronic condition will need to become higher on the health care agenda. This will require more collaboration between health professionals and the greater sharing of patient information. Action Plan As I have previously mentioned the SPIKES model provides an excellent strategy for breaking bad news and is one that I shall be adopting into my clinical practice. This system asks you to plan the Setting. Think about the patients Perception. Invite the patient to give their permission to break the news. Provide adequate information and Knowledge, be prepared for the patient Emotions and ensure that there is a Strategy to provide on going support. I feel that this will be an excellent tool for my future as an  Emergency Care Practitioner. It is essential that in my role as a modern health professional that I have a responsibility to ensure that I continually upgrade my knowledge of where to obtain good quality health information. Patients have a right to information that is easy to understand and is available to them when they need rather than when the clinician decides that they should receive it. When in consultation with a patient it listening is an essential skill, I will continue to improve my listening skills which are of particular benefit when dealing with issues such as health promotion this is described as the listening process by Ewles and Simnett (2003). Finally, it is of absolute importance that all health care professionals and I continue to use evidence-based practice. The area of chronic disease management is one that will continue to grow over the next few years, during this time there will be many changes and adaptations to current guidance on diseases such as diabetes. I will need to ensure that I have access and adequate time to seek out these changes and update my clinical practice accordingly. Should I ever encounter a comparable experience in the future, I will try to revaluate this occurrence, Palmer et al. (1994) considered reflection to be the retrospective contemplation of practice, suggesting that a careful review had to take place of what had happened previously. LAiguille (1994), on the Other hand, implies that reflection also prevents the Practioner from becoming complacent with everyday aspects of work and to reflect and learn from a new experience everyday. 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